American Sunday-School Libraries in the 19th century

American Sunday-school libraries in the 19 th century, as an activity of Protestant Christian missions, provided Christian and moral education for children. They were established in the early 19 th century and became the main channel for the dissemination of religious literature and children's books in the United States around 1850. After 1880, they gradually declined. As an important library type before the rise of public libraries, their aims, functions and contributions need to be investigated carefully in order to promote the research of American library history and comparative librarianship. In Sunday-school libraries for children, most of the books changed from Christian literature to secular works. The classifications and catalogs were inconsistent because they were newly developed, there were strict regulations on reader's services, and most Sunday-school libraries adopted a close-stack approach. They were the first to provide free access fo children and acted as the forerunner of children's libraries. They helped children form the habit of reading and advanced education in the US. They broke free from the barriers of class, race and gender, and promoted the ideas of democracy, equality and inclusiveness through the library services. They were widespread in the US and laid the foundation for US rural libraries.

A Brief Introduction of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences

On the Beginning and Transformation of Modern Chinese Historiography

After the First Opium War(1840-1842) there were increased academic interests in studying the history and geography of China's northwestern borderlands, introducing foreign history and geography and writing the modern history of China. Such interests, however, were no more than reflections of the times in history studies and could hardly improve the whole picture of historiography. At the turn of the 20 th century, Liang Qichao published "The Introduction to Chinese History" and "The New Historiography", which marked the emergence of a new trend of thought in historiography and should be deemed the beginning of modern Chinese historiography. Soon after, the "national quintessence school"(guocui xuepai) called for preserving the quintessence of Chinese culture and attempted to bridge Chinese and Western scholarship. Then the "Reorganization of National Heritage"(zhengli guogu) Movement came, urging to re-arrange traditional scholarship. Hu Shih(1891-1962) explicitly put forward the goal of "compiling a history of Chinese culture," helped dissolve the boundary between modern and traditional historiography and indicated the approach to the transformation from ancient to modern historiography from a perspective of discipline classifications. This "new trend" of Chinese historiography, centering on new materials, new methods and new issues specified the research path for the early stage of modern Chinese historiography.

Emotion and Memory: Emotional Guidance for the History Education of the Nanjing Massacre

The emotion of hatred is a quite sensitive topic in the history education of the Nanjing Massacre. With what emotions should we study and remember this part of Chinese history? How can we achieve the vision of world peace by virtue of the history education of the Nanjing Massacre? All these questions are unavoidable in the practice of history education of the Nanjing Massacre. The emotion of hatred is based on biological instincts developed during our social evolution and it plays a significant part in constructing the historical memory of the Nanjing Massacre, which should never be underestimated. Therefore, rationally understanding the emotion of hatred in the history education of the Nanjing Massacre, and offering correct guidance, is of great significance for remembering and developing a correct view of our history, forming a proper world view, and achieving the fundamental goal of cherishing and maintaining peace.

The Significance of Festivals is “In Tune with the World”——Interpretation from the Perspective of Western Cultural Theory

In the historical background of "festivalization of culture", to clarify the meaning of festivals is a prerequisite for accomplishing the cultural value of festivals. By interpreting relevant western cultural theories, especially Pieper's statements, this article argues that "in tune with the world" is the fundamental meaning of festivals. Considered as a result, "in tune with the world" means metaphysical needs are satisfied, and when taken as a prerequisite, "in tune with the world" should rely on totality strength. The enlightenment rationality breaks away from the field of metaphysics due to overemphasis on reflection, which results in the discontinuity of totality strength in the transition from old to new. This is the fundamental reason why some current festivals cannot realize their own values. Therefore, emphasizing a festival's cultural connotation and exploring the possibility of re-endowing festivals with charm should be the top priority of research on festivals.

A Study of the Authenticity of “Braided Journalism” in the Era of Media Convergence from the Perspective of Ethics

Authenticity is the basic ethical principle of journalism. Under the background of media convergence, "braided journalism" has a feature of content integration. While providing people with many more information resources, "braided journalism" faces the challenge of how to confirm the authenticity of the contents. To regulate the production of "braided journalism" and ensure it is authentic and ethical is an important job in developing contemporary media communications.

Rural Idyll in Vernacular Landscape

The so-called "rural idyll" is considered the most poetic part of the traditional vernacular landscape. Although mostly appreciated by men of letters in their writings, rural idyll is a love song deeply rooted in local soil. It is local soil that is the ultimate producer of rural idyll. For a rural society, rural idyll also seems to be associated with "primitive." There are significant cognitive differences in this regard between China and the West. Traditional Chinese rural society, full of soil fragrance and vitality, interacts with life and seasons to compose a harmonious man-earth symphony.

Public Agenda, Media Agenda and Policy Communication Process of Government Annual Reports:Based on the Survey in 19 Chinese Cities

Promoting direct policy communication between policy makers and the public is both an important function of government annual reports(GARs) and a key issue in democratic politics. According to this survey, conducted in 19 major cities in China, to promote the policy communication function of the GARs the government should make full use of changes in public policy communication habits and the convergence of public policy preferences in different groups while dealing with routine problems such as "public opinion deficits" and "being popular among the institutional staff but unnoticed the non-institutional staff."

An Analysis of Factors Influencing Entrepreneurs' Performance in Business after Returning Home——Empirical Study Based on a Sichuan Sample

This paper uses survey data regarding native Sichuan entrepreneurs who have developed businesses outside of Sichuan Province and then returned, along with their organizations, to Sichuan. Our goal was to identify and examine the factors influencing their entrepreneurial performance by using SEM-PLS. The results show that policy support, social relations and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have significant roles in entrepreneurial performance. No direct influence from the cultural or market environments was detected. Therefore, this study indicates that for entrepreneurs returning to their hometown the government should provide social and financial support for small and micro sized entrepreneurial ventures while the entrepreneurs should constantly strengthen their entrepreneurial selfefficacy by obtaining information through cultivated social relationships and market opportunities that will allow them to enhance their entrepreneurial performance.

On Environmental Quality Standards and Finding of Liability for Environmental Pollution Torts

Though bearing technical and legal attributes, environmental quality standards are neither rules nor regulatory documents. With the binding force coming from the legal norms where they are cited, environmental quality standards are designed and implemented as a yardstick for measuring environmental quality. They also play a role in the functions of goal setting, merit appraisals, inspiration, supervision and accountability in conjunction with the legal norms and administrative plans where they are cited. Characteristically, environmental quality standards adopt sort management in concept, take holistic values and methodologies, establish phased goals and accept the resulting policy choices. These standards are not applicable to determine tort liability caused by environmental pollution from the perspective of legal norms but provide limited evidence for finding the same in the view of factual analysis by delivering scientific support to prove negative effects on the environment. Hence, environmental quality standards do contribute to finding torts, thus making the production of evidence less difficult. Also, they can be used to prove the relevance between torts and damage.

Academic Frontier: Comparison of the Narrative Traditions——China and the West

Narrative tradition refers to the way storytelling is passed from generation to generation. Tradition is not an unchangeable or pure object. The reason that people cannot approach tradition rationally lies in its maternity and divinity. Tradition is not passed down only by narration because at times the narrative related to tradition creates tradition or serves as a substitute for tradition. Nowadays, people learn tradition more through narratives related to tradition. There are many forms of expression in narratives and only by grasping the main line of "storytelling" can we penetrate the existing barriers of the disciplines and restore the genealogy of the narrative tradition. The latest anthropological studies suggest that the main reason for human success is storytelling, which helps to convey the significance of narrative traditional research.

Discussion on the Appraisal of Ancient Chinese Calligraphies and Paintings

Throughout Chinese history there have been many outstanding calligraphers and painters who have left behind numerous masterpieces. There have also been endless copycats, forgeries and ghost-creations bringing much trouble and chaos to the appreciation and study of ancient Chinese calligraphies and paintings. Based on certain theories and practices of calligraphy and painting appraisals, This paper summarizes eight basic approaches to the appraisal of ancient Chinese calligraphies and paintings used to separate the true from the false.

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A Brief Introduction to the English Periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences